Service providers are tasked with supporting ever-growing bandwidth demand. Their key challenge is staying ahead of this demand when the rate of increasing bandwidth exceeds the cycle time to evaluate, procure and deploy network architecture solutions to address this growth in a cost-effective manner. To close this gap, they are turning to disruptive solutions that not only provide increased bandwidth capabilities, but also streamline operational complexities. ACG analysis estimates that IP transport networks can result in a 35% savings in capex and 57% savings in opex over five years compared to traditional router bypass network architecture. For example, BT recently tested a similar architecture on their network.
Disaggregating transport network architectures
In modern, high-capacity optical networks, the transport layer is comprised of an optical line system in between dense-wavelength-division-multiplexed (DWDM) coherent optical transmission terminal equipment. These solutions have traditionally been built around closed, proprietary solutions. Higher layer IP switch/router traffic uses this transport layer as the high-bandwidth pipes to connect switch/routers, with short-reach gray optics connections between the switch/router and the DWDM terminals. The two distinct optical transport layer and IP layer results in the partitioning of control plane management.
Figure 1. Typical transport physical layer in modern high-capacity networks
(Image courtesy of Acacia)
Momentum is growing to disaggregate the transport layer to migrate to a lower-cost solution while avoiding vendor lock-in. Three developments provide more flexibility in architecting the coherent optical transport layer than ever before. These are the:
Establishment of coherent interoperability standards
Advancements in opto-electronic integration with silicon photonics and digital signal processor (DSP) ASICs
Driven by service providers' need for flexibility, line system vendors began opening their line systems to allow third-party "alien" wavelengths, sourced from DWDM terminal equipment vendors. These optical links were initially bookended, meaning that the terminal equipment relied on proprietary coherent optical technology at both ends coming from the same vendor.
The second development was the standardization efforts by Open ROADM and the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) to enable interoperability between 400G coherent optical transceivers from different vendors. This eliminated the need for bookending.
The third effort was the emergence of 400G coherent pluggable transceivers that could be plugged directly into client ports of a switch or router. These ports are universal and line optics can be plugged into any port with no compromise to switch capacity and density.
Service provider benefits
This has led to service providers, such as BT, exploring how to utilize pluggable coherent modules capable of supporting a range of network architectures, while leveraging silicon-based component technology that drives a level of scale that did not exist previously.
Figure 2. New architecture of disaggregated networks
(Image courtesy of Acacia)
Many service providers want to continue leveraging existing optical networks, while taking advantage of the lower power and pay-as-you-grow deployment model offered by pluggable coherent solutions in a book-ended configuration. This deployment model is like how earlier generations of pluggable coherent were widely deployed, particularly in China. Analysts report that approximately 40% of coherent ports deployed worldwide in 2020 at 100G and 200G data rates utilized pluggable form factors. With the new 400G pluggables, service providers will further benefit from improved performance and operational scale.
Some service providers will adopt a more open architecture leveraging the interoperable standards that allow them to interconnect between different equipment vendors. This allows them to introduce new technology at a faster pace, driving capex reductions and providing a broader vendor base that can mitigate supply chain risks.
Others may choose a more significant architectural change that considers how the router costs have declined at a more rapid pace than the optical components, such as amplifiers and wavelength selective switches (WSSs). The WSS nodes would be replaced by routers, meaning the optical signal is regenerated at each node. This creates a hop-by-hop architecture where a higher number of cost and power optimized optics can support high-capacity transmission.
400G coherent pluggable solutions
400G coherent pluggable solutions come in multiple flavors:
Ethernet-based 400ZR OIF solution addressing hyperscale DCI edge/metro network connections with transmission distances up to 120km
Carrier-centric Open ROADM multi-source agreement (MSA) solutions that support both Ethernet and OTN with multiple-hundreds of kilometer reach
OpenZR+ MSA solutions which are higher performing variants of 400ZR with reaches similar to Open ROADM
For service providers such as BT looking to deploy an IP over DWDM network architecture, OpenZR+ is an attractive solution because it provides the performance and reach to address wide geographical coverage, while also being able to plug directly into a switch/router.
Another advantage of OpenZR+ is that it includes client multiplexing and the ability to adjust the modulation and baud rate. This makes it a good choice to cover metro and regional deployments. OpenZR+ also allows for supplier interoperability, enabling service providers to maintain supply chain diversity.
Module suppliers introduced 400G pluggable solutions that support 400ZR, OpenZR+, and Open ROADM. The 400ZR and OpenZR+ solutions are based on the QSFP-DD form-factor, while the 400G Open ROADM solution is housed in the CFP2 form-factor.
BT anticipates savings leveraging new architecture
BT successfully tested Acacia's 400ZR and OpenZR+ optics over their currently deployed colorless third-party, multi-span, amplified, ROADM line system, which represents a network architecture deployment scenario that is expanding in scope. Andrew Lord, Senior Manager, Optical Networks Research at BT stated, "ZR is a transformative technology, with enticing cost points for 400G, and synergy with router port evolution. BT is excited to work with Acacia on these world-first proof-of-concept demonstrations to verify performance."
Figure 3. BT's network, which includes third-party, multi-span line system with amplifiers and ROADMs
(Image courtesy of BT)
New disaggregated network architectures that leverage 400G pluggable coherent optical modules can scale to meet growing bandwidth demands with lower total cost per bit. As demonstrated by BT's own technology evaluation efforts, 400G pluggable solutions are ready to be deployed, enabling providers to transport 400G switch/router traffic between sites within multiple hundreds of kilometers without requiring separate optical DWDM terminal equipment.
– Anuj Malik, Director Product Management & Strategy, Acacia, and Eugene Park, Senior Technical Marketing Manager at Acacia. (Acacia is now part of Cisco.)