It performs well in a comparison with other international 4G networks, but one analyst says the loss-making Japanese firm desperately needs a deep-pocketed investor.

Iain Morris, International Editor

June 11, 2021

5 Min Read
Rakuten network wins plaudits but could need a 'Hail Mary' deal

Rakuten continues to provoke strong feelings on either side of the open radio access network (RAN) debate. To advocates of the mobile technology, the firm's greenfield rollout in Japan makes it a bold trailblazer. To naysayers, it provides a cautionary example whenever something goes wrong. Schadenfreude inevitably greets any misfortune that Rakuten experiences.

That was the reaction when a previous study by OpenSignal, a market research company, suggested Rakuten's 4G network did not measure up to its rivals on speed and other performance criteria. Tareq Amin, Rakuten Mobile's chief technology officer, was quick to blame Rakuten's shortage of 4G spectrum, dismissing suggestions that technology was at all responsible. But the negative publicity did not help Rakuten's case.

So a more upbeat assessment that came out this week must have been welcome. Prepared by umlaut, a German company, it measures Rakuten's 4G network in Tokyo against the best networks in a range of other cities, awarding each one a score out of 1,000. The average across the 14 locations was 912. Rakuten scored 920. "In Tokyo, Rakuten Mobile shows competitive performance with the leading operators in all tested cities," was umlaut's broad conclusion.

Figure 1: Overall score comparison for selected international cities Source: umlaut Source: umlaut

The market research firm examined three criteria in its study – the availability of the network (or coverage), the connection speeds it can support and its "latency," a measure of the time a mobile signal takes to make a round trip (usually expressed in milliseconds). Rakuten aced on coverage and speed but came slightly behind its peers in the third category. "In latency, the Rakuten Mobile network shows room for improvements compared to leading operators in all tested cities," said umlaut.

Any signs of open RAN's competitiveness are important not only to Rakuten. The Japanese firm has packaged up some of its technologies and is trying to sell these around the world. This globetrotting vendor-like role could be a much bigger opportunity for Rakuten than providing telco services at home. But if the Japanese network looks second-rate, interest is likely to fade.

That explains why Rakuten was also hitting back at its critics in a filing with the US Federal Communications Commission, which is attracted to open RAN as a potential boost to 5G network competition. "As Rakuten Mobile has previously explained, it has seen real world performance that is highly competitive with legacy networks, with high network availability and competitive download and upload speeds, while holding a mere fraction of its competitors' spectrum holdings," said the company.

Some operators have already bitten. A new report from Appledore Research names Rakuten in a ranking of 15 open RAN vendors, indicating that five service providers have already acknowledged it as a supplier. No other company in that list is building and operating a telco network. "We note that Rakuten is already making its presence felt in the market beyond Japan, as a supplier to other projects," said report authors.

Figure 2: Top 15 vendors in open RAN Source: Appledore Research Source: Appledore Research

Multi-billion-dollar losses

Yet others remain unconvinced. Perhaps the harshest critic in the community of financial analysts is New Street Research, which recently served judgement on Rakuten's launch as one that had "not been commercially successful." Since its launch in April last year, it has managed to capture just 2% of the market, said Chris Hoare, an analyst with New Street Research, and its capital situation is precarious, despite a sale of shares this year to fund rollout.

"The recent deal with Japan Post raised funds to pay the current cash burn for around six months, but the company faces several years of multi-billion-dollar losses in mobile in our view and no obvious route to fund this," he said in a research note. "Short of a Hail Mary deal to sell a stake in the mobile business to a deep-pocketed international partner it is hard to see how Rakuten turns this around in the next two to three years."

Want to know more about 5G? Check out our dedicated 5G content channel here on Light Reading.

Rakuten has long insisted that building an open RAN network is about 40% cheaper than deploying a traditional one, and yet a sale of shares to fund rollout was not in its original plan. One possible issue for the company is that an operator's RAN, strictly speaking, accounts for only a fraction of its total bill. Stefan Pongratz, an analyst at Dell'Oro, says global wireless capex alone is usually about $150 billion in a single year. Annual spending on the RAN is between $30 billion and $35 billion.

None of this necessarily condemns open RAN, which big operators seem determined to use regardless of today's concerns. Senior executives are keen mainly because they do not want to be overly reliant on Ericsson and Nokia, today's big European RAN vendors, in the absence of China's Huawei, which now faces security restrictions in numerous countries. As an open RAN pioneer in a developed market, Rakuten is still seen as technology trendsetter. If it can become a financial success, so much the better.

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— Iain Morris, International Editor, Light Reading

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About the Author(s)

Iain Morris

International Editor, Light Reading

Iain Morris joined Light Reading as News Editor at the start of 2015 -- and we mean, right at the start. His friends and family were still singing Auld Lang Syne as Iain started sourcing New Year's Eve UK mobile network congestion statistics. Prior to boosting Light Reading's UK-based editorial team numbers (he is based in London, south of the river), Iain was a successful freelance writer and editor who had been covering the telecoms sector for the past 15 years. His work has appeared in publications including The Economist (classy!) and The Observer, besides a variety of trade and business journals. He was previously the lead telecoms analyst for the Economist Intelligence Unit, and before that worked as a features editor at Telecommunications magazine. Iain started out in telecoms as an editor at consulting and market-research company Analysys (now Analysys Mason).

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